replace ComponentSignals with a "port" abstraction

[superwhiskers]

Description

this pull request takes #481 and reworks it to have stronger compile-time checks, in addition to addressing review comments present on it.

i anticipate this pull request needing a lot of discussion before it may be merged. any comments are welcome.

Proposed changes

• replace ComponentSignals with a "port" abstraction
  • maintain input "ports" separately from output "ports"
  • strengthen compile-time checks
• rework enum handling
  • remove the need for enums to have a MAXIMUM or SIZE variant to have their size known
  • add a bunch of helpers abstracting over magic_enum functionality in anticipation of it being removable once we use c++26
• standardize most, if not all enums so that they don't have unnecessary NONE variants and that their backing type is size_t

Checklist

• All tests pass.
• Code compiles cleanly with flags -Wall -Wpedantic -Wconversion -Wextra.
• The new code follows GridKit™ style guidelines.
• There are unit tests for the new code.
• The new code is documented.
• The feature branch is rebased with respect to the target branch.
• The CHANGELOG.md has been updated to reflect the changes. If this is a minor PR that is part of a larger fix already included in the file, state so.

Further comments

this pull request takes us further in the direction of compile-time enforcement. most of the changes relative to #481 were made to achieve this.

[lukelowry]

On my end, this is amazing and helps with readability and clarity. The current implementation on develop is confusing and a bit restrictive because there are some models like BusFault which need to have signals/ports that do not correspond to an InternalVariable. I think this resolves, or at least partially resolves, that issue!

[nkoukpaizan]

A few initial comments.
I like the changes to enum and the behavior of ports.

[lukelowry]

Amazing, thank you for this work!

[nkoukpaizan]

Nice work!